1. Ziziphi iimpawu zesiseko sekristale ephambili ye-weld?
Impendulo: I-crystallization ye-welding pool iphinda ilandele imigaqo esisiseko ye-crystallization yesinyithi ye-liquid jikelele: ukubunjwa kwe-crystal nuclei kunye nokukhula kwe-crystal nuclei. Xa isinyithi esilulwelo kwidama le-welding siqina, iinkozo ezincibilikisiweyo ezinganyibilikisiweyo kwimathiriyeli yomzali kwindawo yokudibanisa zihlala ziba yikristale nuclei.
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Emva koko i-crystal nucleus ifunxa iiathom zolwelo olujikelezileyo kwaye ikhule. Ekubeni ikristale ikhula kwicala elichasene nesikhokelo sokuqhuba ubushushu, nayo ikhula kumacala omabini. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuvinjwa ziikristale ezikhulayo ezikufutshane, iikristale zenza iiCrystals ezine-columnar morphology zibizwa ngokuba ziikristale zekholomu.
Ukongeza, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, intsimbi engamanzi echibini elityhidiweyo iya kuvelisa i-nuclei yekristale ezenzekelayo xa iqina. Ukuba ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu kuqhutyelwa kuzo zonke iinkalo, iikristali ziya kukhula ngokufanayo zibe ziikristale eziziinkozo kuzo zonke iindlela. Olu hlobo lwekristale lubizwa ngokuba yikristale equiaxed. Iikristale zekholomu zibonwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwii-welds, kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezithile, iikristale ezilinganayo zinokubonakala kumbindi we-weld.
2. Ziziphi iimpawu zesakhiwo se-crystallization yesibini ye-weld?
Impendulo: Ubume bentsimbi ye-weld. Emva kwecrystallization ephambili, isinyithi siyaqhubeka nokupholisa ngaphantsi kweqondo lokushisa lokuguqulwa kwesigaba, kwaye isakhiwo se-metallographic sitshintsha kwakhona. Ngokomzekelo, xa udibanisa intsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni, iinkozo zecrystallization ephambili zizo zonke iinkozo ze-austenite. Xa ipholile ngaphantsi kweqondo lokushisa lokuguqulwa kwesigaba, i-austenite ibola ibe yi-ferrite kunye ne-pearlite, ngoko ke isakhiwo emva kwe-crystallization yesibini ininzi i-ferrite kunye nenani elincinci le-pearlite.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yesantya sokupholisa ngokukhawuleza kwe-weld, umxholo we-pearlite obangelwa ngokuqhelekileyo mkhulu kunomxholo kwisakhiwo sokulingana. Ukukhawuleza izinga lokupholisa, ukuphakama kwe-pearlite umxholo, kunye ne-ferrite encinci, ubunzima kunye namandla nawo aphuculwe. , ngelixa iplastiki kunye nokuqina kuyancipha. Emva kwe-crystallization yesibini, isakhiwo sangempela kwiqondo lokushisa legumbi lifunyenwe. Izakhiwo ze-weld ezifunyenwe ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zetsimbi phantsi kweemeko zenkqubo ye-welding ezahlukeneyo ziyahluka.
3. Ukuthatha intsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni njengomzekelo wokuchaza ukuba yintoni isakhiwo esifunyenwe emva kwekristallislization yesibini yentsimbi ye-weld?
Impendulo: Ukuthatha intsimbi yeplastiki ephantsi njengomzekelo, i-crystallization structure i-austenite, kwaye inkqubo yokuguqulwa kwesigaba esiqinileyo se-weld metal ibizwa ngokuba yi-crystallization ye-weld metal. I-microstructure ye-crystallization yesibini yi-ferrite kunye ne-pearlite.
Kwi-equilibrium structure ye-low carbon steel, umxholo wekhabhoni we-weld metal uphantsi kakhulu, kwaye isakhiwo sayo si-coarse columnar ferrite kunye nenani elincinci le-pearlite. Ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokupholisa i-weld, i-ferrite ayikwazi ukuchithwa ngokupheleleyo ngokuhambelana nomzobo wesigaba se-iron-carbon. Ngenxa yoko, umxholo we-pearlite ngokuqhelekileyo mkhulu kunoko kwisakhiwo esigudileyo. Izinga lokupholisa eliphezulu liya kuphucula kwakhona iinkozo kunye nokwandisa ukuqina kunye namandla esinyithi. Ngenxa yokunciphisa i-ferrite kunye nokunyuka kwe-pearlite, ubunzima buya kwanda, ngelixa iplastiki iya kuncipha.
Ngoko ke, isakhiwo sokugqibela se-weld sinqunywe ngokubunjwa kwesinyithi kunye neemeko zokupholisa. Ngenxa yeempawu zenkqubo ye-welding, i-weld metal structure ilungile, ngoko i-weld metal inezakhiwo ezingcono zesakhiwo kunombuso owenziweyo.
4. Ziziphi iimpawu ze-welding yentsimbi engafaniyo?
Impendulo: 1) Iimpawu ze-welding zetsimbi ezingafaniyo zilala ngokungafaniyo kwi-alloy composition of metal deposited and weld. Ngobume be-weld, ubukhulu besiseko sesinyithi, i-electrode coating okanye i-flux, kunye nohlobo lwegesi yokukhusela, ukunyibilika kwe-welding kuya kutshintsha. Ukuziphatha kwepool kwakhona akuhambelani,
Ngoko ke, inani lokunyibilika kwesiseko sesinyithi likwahluke, kwaye umphumo wokuxutywa kwe-mutual dilution of concentration of the chemical components of the deposited metal and the melting area of the base base metal iya kutshintsha kwakhona. Kuyabonakala ukuba intsimbi edityanisiweyo edityanisiweyo idityanisiwe iyahluka ngokubunjwa kwemichiza engalinganiyo yendawo. Idigri ayixhomekeke kuphela ekubunjweni kokuqala kwe-weldment kunye ne-filler material, kodwa iyahluka kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ze-welding.
2) I-inhomogeneity yesakhiwo. Emva kokufumana i-welding thermal cycle, izakhiwo ze-metallographic ezahlukeneyo ziya kubonakala kwindawo nganye ye-welding joint, ehambelana nokubunjwa kweekhemikhali zesiseko sesinyithi kunye nezinto zokuzalisa, indlela ye-welding, inqanaba le-welding, inkqubo ye-welding kunye nonyango lobushushu.
3) Ukungafani kokusebenza. Ngenxa yokwakheka kweekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo kunye nesakhiwo sesinyithi somdibaniso, iipropathi zomatshini zokudibanisa ziyahluka. Amandla, ubunzima, iplastiki, ukuqina, njl njl. yendawo nganye ecaleni kwejoyinti yahluke kakhulu. Kwi-weld Amaxabiso eempembelelo zeendawo ezichatshazelwe bubushushu kumacala omabini ahlukeneyo ngamanye amaxesha, kwaye umda wokukhasa kunye namandla ahlala kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu nawo aya kuhluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke ekubunjweni nakwisakhiwo.
I-4) Ukungafani kokuhanjiswa kwentsimi yoxinzelelo. Ukwabiwa koxinzelelo olushiyekileyo kwiindawo ezidibeneyo zetsimbi azifani. Oku kugqitywe kakhulu yiplastiki eyahlukileyo yendawo nganye yokudibanisa. Ukongezelela, umahluko kwi-thermal conductivity yezinto eziphathekayo kuya kubangela utshintsho kwintsimi yokushisa ye-welding thermal cycle. Izinto ezinjengeeyantlukwano kwi-coefficients yokwandiswa komgca kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo zizathu zokusabalalisa ngokungalingani kwendawo yoxinzelelo.
5. Yeyiphi imigaqo-siseko yokukhetha izixhobo ze-welding xa u-welding dissimilar steels?
Impendulo: Imigaqo yokukhetha izixhobo zokuwelda intsimbi ibandakanya ikakhulu la manqaku mane alandelayo:
I-1) Kwisiseko sokuba i-welded joint ayivelisi ukuqhekeka kunye nezinye iziphene, ukuba amandla kunye neplastiki yentsimbi ye-weld ayinakuthathelwa ingqalelo, kufuneka kukhethwe izinto zokudibanisa kunye neplastiki engcono.
2) Ukuba iipropathi zetsimbi ze-weld ze-welding zensimbi ezingafaniyo zidibana kuphela nenye yezinto ezimbini ezisisiseko, kuthathwa njengokuhlangabezana neemfuno zobugcisa.
I-3) Izinto ze-welding kufuneka zibe nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo kunye ne-welding seam kufuneka ibe yinto enhle kwimilo. Izinto ze-welding zinoqoqosho kwaye kulula ukuzithenga.
6. Yintoni i-weldability yentsimbi ye-pearlitic kunye nentsimbi ye-austenitic?
Impendulo: Intsimbi yePearlitic kunye nentsimbi ye-austenitic zimbini iintlobo zetsimbi ezinezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye neengoma. Ke ngoko, xa ezi ntlobo zimbini zetsimbi zidityaniswe kunye, i-weld metal yenziwa ngokudityaniswa kweentlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi kunye nezixhobo zokuzalisa. Oku kuphakamisa le mibuzo ilandelayo ukuwelda kwezi ntlobo zimbini zentsimbi:
1) Ukuhlanjululwa kwe-weld. Ekubeni intsimbi ye-pearlitic iqulethe izinto zegolide ezisezantsi, inefuthe lokuhlambulula kwi-alloy yentsimbi ye-weld yonke. Ngenxa yale mpembelelo ye-dilution yensimbi ye-pearlitic, umxholo we-austenite-forming elements kwi-weld iyancitshiswa. Ngenxa yoko, kwi-weld, Isakhiwo se-martensite sinokuvela, ngaloo ndlela siwohloka umgangatho we-weld joint kunye nokubangela ukuqhekeka.
2) Ukuqulunqwa komgangatho ogqithisileyo. Ngaphantsi kwesenzo somjikelo wokushisa we-welding, iqondo lokuxutywa kwesiseko sesinyithi esityhidiweyo kunye nentsimbi yokuzalisa yahlukile kumda we-pool etyhidiweyo. Emaphethelweni echibi elinyibilikisiweyo, ubushushu besinyithi solwelo buphantsi, ulwelo lubi, kwaye ixesha lokuhlala kwimeko yolwelo lifutshane. Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu wokwakheka kweekhemikhali phakathi kwentsimbi ye-pearlitic kunye nentsimbi ye-austenitic, isiseko sesinyithi esityhidiweyo kunye nentsimbi yokuzalisa ayinakudityaniswa kakuhle kumda wedama elityhidiweyo kwicala lepearlitic. Ngenxa yoko, kwi-weld kwicala lensimbi ye-pearlitic, isiseko sentsimbi ye-pearlitic Ubungakanani bukhulu, kwaye ngokusondeleyo kumgca wokudibanisa, ubukhulu becala lezinto ezisisiseko. Oku kwenza umaleko wenguqu kunye neengoma ezahlukeneyo zangaphakathi zentsimbi ye-weld.
I-3) Yenza uluhlu lwe-diffusion kwindawo yokudibanisa. Kwintsimbi edityanisiweyo eyenziwe zezi ntlobo zimbini zeentsimbi, kuba intsimbi yepearlitic inomxholo wekhabhoni ephezulu kodwa izinto ezixubeneyo ziphezulu kodwa izinto ezixubeneyo zincinci, ngelixa intsimbi yeaustenitic inesiphumo esichaseneyo, ngoko ke kumacala omabini ecala lentsimbi yepearlitic yommandla wodibaniso A. Umahluko woxinaniso phakathi kwekhabhoni kunye ne-carbide-forming elements yenziwa. Xa i-joint iqhutywe kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphezulu kwe-350-400 degrees ixesha elide, kuya kubakho ukusasazwa okucacileyo kwekhabhoni kwindawo yokudibanisa, oko kukuthi, ukusuka kwicala lentsimbi ye-pearlite ngokusebenzisa indawo yokudibanisa ukuya kwindawo ye-austenite welding. imithungo isasazeka. Ngenxa yoko, i-decarburized softening layer yenziwa kwisiseko sentsimbi yepearlitic kufutshane nendawo yokudibanisa, kwaye umaleko we-carburized ohambelana ne-decarburization uveliswa kwicala le-austenitic weld.
4) Ekubeni iimpawu ezibonakalayo zensimbi ye-pearlitic kunye ne-austenitic steel zihluke kakhulu, kwaye ukubunjwa kwe-weld kukwahluke kakhulu, olu hlobo lokudibanisa alukwazi ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwe-welding ngonyango lokushisa, kwaye lunokubangela kuphela ukusabalalisa uxinzelelo. Yahluke kakhulu kwi-welding yentsimbi efanayo.
5) Ukulibaziseka ukuqhekeka. Ngexesha lenkqubo yecrystallization ye-welding pool etyhidiweyo yolu hlobo lwentsimbi engafaniyo, kukho zombini isakhiwo se-austenite kunye nesakhiwo se-ferrite. Ezi zimbini zisondelelene, kwaye igesi inokusasazeka, ukuze i-hydrogen edibeneyo iqokelele kwaye ibangele ukulibaziseka kokuqhekeka.
25. Ziziphi izinto ezimele ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha indlela ye-welding yokulungisa isinyithi?
Impendulo: Xa ukhetha indlela ye-grey cast iron welding, ezi zinto zilandelayo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe:
I-1) Imeko ye-welded ye-weld, njengokwakheka kweekhemikhali, ukwakheka kunye neempawu zomatshini wokubunjwa, ubungakanani, ubukhulu kunye nobunzima besakhiwo sokuphosa.
2) Iziphene zamacandelo e-cast. Ngaphambi kwe-welding, kufuneka uqonde uhlobo lwesiphene (ukuqhekeka, ukungabikho kwenyama, ukugqoka, i-pores, i-blister, ukuthululela okwaneleyo, njl.), Ubungakanani besiphako, ukuqina kwendawo, imbangela yesiphene, njl.
I-3) Iimfuno zekhwalithi ze-post-weld ezifana nezakhiwo zomatshini kunye nepropathi yokucubungula i-post-weld joint. Qonda iimfuno ezinjengombala we-weld kunye nokusebenza kokutywinwa.
4) Iimeko zezixhobo zokusebenza kunye noqoqosho. Ngaphantsi kwemeko yokuqinisekisa iimfuno zomgangatho we-post-weld, eyona njongo isisiseko yokulungiswa kwe-welding ye-castings kukusebenzisa indlela elula, izixhobo ze-welding eziqhelekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza, kunye neendleko eziphantsi kakhulu zokufumana inzuzo enkulu yezoqoqosho.
7. Yiyiphi imilinganiselo yokuthintela iintanda ngexesha lokulungiswa kwe-welding yentsimbi etyhidiweyo?
Impendulo: (1) Ukushisa ngaphambi kokuba udibanise kwaye upholise ngokukhawuleza emva kwe-welding. Ukushisa i-weldment ngokupheleleyo okanye inxalenye ngaphambi kokuba i-welding kunye nokupholisa ngokukhawuleza emva kwe-welding ayikwazi ukunciphisa kuphela ukuthambekela kwe-weld ukuba ibe mhlophe, kodwa nokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-welding kunye nokuthintela ukuqhekeka kwe-weldment. .
(2) Sebenzisa i-arc ebandayo ye-welding yokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-welding, kwaye ukhethe izinto ze-welding kunye neplastiki efanelekileyo, njenge-nickel, ubhedu, i-nickel-copper, i-vanadium yensimbi ephezulu, njl. njengentsimbi yokuzalisa, ukuze intsimbi ye-weld iphumle uxinzelelo ngeplastiki. deformation kunye nokuthintela iintanda. , usebenzisa i-diameter encinci ye-welding rods, i-current encinci, i-welding intermittent (i-welding intermittent), i-welding echithwayo (i-welding ye-jump) inokunciphisa umahluko wobushushu phakathi kwe-weld kunye nesiseko sesinyithi kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-welding, olunokupheliswa ngokubetha i-weld. . uxinzelelo kunye nokuthintela iintanda.
(3) Amanye amanyathelo aquka ukulungelelanisa ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zentsimbi edityanisiweyo ukuze kuncitshiswe iqondo lobushushu elinobuqhophololo; ukongeza izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ukunyusa i-desulfurization kunye ne-dephosphorization reactions metallurgical of the weld; kunye nokongeza izinto ezinamandla zokucoca iinkozo ukwenza i-weld ikhazimle. Ukucokiswa kweenkozo.
Kwezinye iimeko, ukufudumala kusetyenziselwa ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kwindawo yokulungisa i-welding, enokuthi ikhusele ngokufanelekileyo ukuvela kweentanda.
8. Yintoni ukugxininiswa koxinzelelo? Zeziphi izinto ezibangela ukugxininiswa koxinzelelo?
Impendulo: Ngenxa yobume be-weld kunye neempawu ze-weld, ukungaqhubeki kwimilo edibeneyo kubonakala. Xa ilayishiwe, ibangela ukuhanjiswa okungalinganiyo koxinzelelo lokusebenza kwindawo edityanisiweyo, yenza uxinzelelo lwendawo oluphezulu lube ngu-max ngaphezulu kunomndilili woxinzelelo σm. Ngaphezu koko, oku kukugxininiswa koxinzelelo. Zininzi izizathu zoxinzelelo loxinzelelo kumalungu adityanisiweyo, ezona zibalulekileyo kuzo zezi:
(1) Iziphene zenkqubo eziveliswa kwi-weld, ezifana ne-air inlets, i-slag inclusions, ii-cracks kunye nokungena okungaphelelanga, njl.
(2) Ubume be-weld obungenangqiqo, njengokuqiniswa kwe-butt weld inkulu kakhulu, i-weld toe ye-fillet weld iphezulu kakhulu, njl.
Uyilo lwesitrato olungenangqiqo. Ngokomzekelo, i-interface yesitrato ineenguqu ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweepaneli ezifihliweyo ukudibanisa kwisitalato. Uyilo lwe-weld olungenangqiqo lusenokubangela uxinzelelo loxinzelelo, olufana namalungu amile okwe-T aneentsimbi zangaphambili zevenkile kuphela.
9. Yintoni umonakalo weplastiki kwaye yintoni ingozi?
Impendulo: Umonakalo weplastiki uquka ukungazinzi kweplastiki (isivuno okanye i-deformation ephawulekayo yeplastiki) kunye ne-plastic fracture (i-edge fracture okanye i-ductile fracture). Inkqubo kukuba ulwakhiwo oludityanisiweyo luqala lungena kwi-elastic deformation → isivuno → ukuguqulwa kweplastiki (ukungazinzi kweplastiki) phantsi kwesenzo somthwalo. ) → velisa iintanda ezincinci okanye i-micro voids → yenza iintanda ezinkulu → ukwandiswa okungazinzanga → ukwaphuka.
Xa kuthelekiswa nokuqhekeka kwe-brittle, umonakalo weplastiki awunabungozi kangako, ngakumbi ezi ntlobo zilandelayo:
(1) Uguquko lweplastiki olungenakuhlawuleka lwenzeka emva kokuvunwa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba izakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo ezineemfuno zobukhulu obuphezulu zichithwe.
(2) Ukungaphumeleli kweenqanawa zoxinzelelo ezenziwe nge-high-toughness, izinto eziphantsi kwamandla aphantsi azilawulwa ngokuphulwa kwe-fracture yezinto eziphathekayo, kodwa kubangelwa ukungaphumeleli kokungazinzi kweplastiki ngenxa yokungonelanga kwamandla.
Isiphumo sokugqibela somonakalo weplastiki kukuba ulwakhiwo oludityanisiweyo luyasilela okanye kwenzeka ingozi eyingozi, echaphazela ukuveliswa kweshishini, ibangela ukulimala okungeyomfuneko, kwaye ichaphazela kakhulu uphuhliso loqoqosho lwelizwe.
10. Yintoni i-brittle fracture kwaye ingaba yintoni ingozi?
Impendulo: Ngokuqhelekileyo i-brittle fracture ibhekisela ekuqhekekeni kwe-dissociation fracture (kubandakanya i-quasi-dissociation fracture) kunye ne-crystal plane ethile kunye nomda weenkozo (i-intergranular) fracture.
Ukuqhekeka kwe-cleavage kukuqhekeka okwenziwe ngokuhlukana kunye nenqwelomoya ethile ye-crystallographic ngaphakathi kwekristale. Kukwaphuka kwe-intragranular. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezithile, ezifana nokushisa okuphantsi, izinga eliphezulu loxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu, i-cleavage kunye nokuphuka kuya kwenzeka kwizinto zetsimbi xa uxinzelelo lufikelela kwixabiso elithile.
Kukho iimodeli ezininzi zesizukulwana sokuqhekeka kwe-cleavage, uninzi lwazo lunxulumene nethiyori yokususa. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba xa inkqubo yokuguqulwa kweplastiki yezinto eziphathekayo ithintelwe kakhulu, izinto eziphathekayo azikwazi ukulungelelanisa noxinzelelo lwangaphandle ngokuguqulwa kodwa ngokuhlukana, okubangelwa ukuqhekeka kwe-cleavage.
Ukufakwa, i-brittle precipitates kunye nezinye iziphene kwiintsimbi nazo zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwisenzeko sokuqhekeka kwe-cleavage.
Ukuqhekeka kwe-Brittle ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka xa uxinzelelo lungekho phezulu kunoyilo oluvumelekileyo loxinzelelo lwesakhiwo kwaye akukho nto ibalulekileyo yeplastiki, kwaye ngokukhawuleza idlulisela kwisakhiwo sonke. Inobume bokutshatyalaliswa ngequbuliso kwaye kunzima ukuyibona kunye nokuthintela kwangaphambili, ngoko ihlala ibangela izingozi zomntu. kunye nomonakalo omkhulu kwipropathi.
11. Yiyiphi indima edlalwa iintanda ze-welding kulwakhiwo lokuqhekeka kwe-brittle fracture?
Impendulo: Kuzo zonke iziphene, iintanda zezona ziyingozi kakhulu. Ngaphantsi kwesenzo somthwalo wangaphandle, i-deformation yeplastiki encinci iya kwenzeka kufuphi ne-crack front, kwaye ngelo xesha kuya kuba nomlinganiselo othile wokuvula ukukhutshwa kwinqanaba, okubangela ukuba ukuqhekeka kuphuhlise kancane;
Xa umthwalo wangaphandle unyuka kwixabiso elithile elibalulekileyo, ukuqhekeka kuya kwanda ngesantya esiphezulu. Ngeli xesha, ukuba i-crack ibekwe kwindawo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu, iya kuhlala ibangela ukuphuka kwe-brittle yesakhiwo sonke. Ukuba i-crack eyandayo ingena kwindawo enoxinzelelo oluphantsi loxinzelelo, udumo lunamandla aneleyo okugcina ukwandiswa okuqhubekayo kokuqhekeka, okanye ukuqhekeka kungena kwimathiriyeli enobulukhuni obungcono (okanye imathiriyeli efanayo kodwa enobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokuqina okwandisiweyo) kwaye ufumana ukuxhathisa okukhulu kwaye ayikwazi ukuqhubeka nokwandisa. Ngeli xesha, ingozi yokuqhekeka iyancipha ngokufanelekileyo.
12. Sesiphi isizathu sokuba izakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo zithande ukuqhekeka?
Impendulo: Izizathu zokwaphuka zinokushwankathelwa zibe ziinkalo ezintathu:
(1) Ukungonelanga kobuntu bemathiriyeli
Ngokukodwa kwincam yenotshi, isakhono se-microscopic deformation sezinto eziphathekayo sihlwempuzekile. Ukungaphumeleli koxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-brittle ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, kwaye njengoko iqondo lobushushu liyancipha, ukuqina kwezinto kuncipha ngokukhawuleza. Ukongezelela, ngokuphuhliswa kwentsimbi ephantsi-i-alloy high-forth, isalathisi samandla siyaqhubeka sikhula, ngelixa iplastiki kunye nokuqina kuye kuncipha. Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-brittle fracture iqala ukusuka kwindawo ye-welding, ngoko ke ubunzima obunganeleyo be-weld kunye nobushushu obuchaphazelekayo buhlala bungunobangela oyintloko woxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-brittle fracture.
(2) Kukho iziphene ezifana neentanda ezincinci
Ukuqhekeka kuhlala kuqala kwisiphako, kwaye iintanda zezona ziphene ziyingozi kakhulu. Ukuwelda ngoyena nobangela wokuqhekeka. Nangona iintanda ngokusisiseko zinokulawulwa ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji ye-welding, kusenzima ukuphepha ngokupheleleyo ukuqhekeka.
(3) Inqanaba elithile loxinzelelo
Uyilo olungalunganga kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa ezingalunganga zezona zizathu ziphambili ze-welding residual stress. Ke ngoko, kwizakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo, ukongeza kuxinzelelo lokusebenza, i-welding intsalela yoxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo loxinzelelo, kunye noxinzelelo olongezelelweyo olubangelwa kukuhlangana kakubi, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe.
13. Zeziphi izinto eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kuyilwa izakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo?
Impendulo: Imiba ephambili ekufuneka iqwalaselwe zezi zilandelayo:
I-1) Ukudibanisa okudibeneyo kufuneka kuqinisekise uxinzelelo olwaneleyo kunye nokuqina ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubomi obude benkonzo;
2) Qwalasela indlela yokusebenza kunye neemeko zokusebenza zomdibaniso odibeneyo, njengobushushu, ukubola, ukungcangcazela, ukukhathala, njl.;
3) Kwiindawo ezinkulu zesakhiwo, umsebenzi wokufudumala ngaphambi kokuba i-welding kunye ne-post-welding yonyango yokushisa kufuneka iyancipha kangangoko kunokwenzeka;
I-4) Amalungu adibeneyo ayisafuni okanye afune kuphela inani elincinci lokulungiswa koomatshini;
5) Umsebenzi we-welding unokuncitshiswa ube mncinci;
6) Ukunciphisa i-deformation kunye noxinzelelo lwesakhiwo esidibeneyo;
7) Kulula ukwakha kunye nokudala iimeko ezilungileyo zokusebenza zokwakha;
8) Sebenzisa itekhnoloji entsha kunye ne-welding eyenziwe ngoomatshini kunye ne-automated kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuphucula imveliso yabasebenzi; 9) I-Welds kulula ukuyihlola ukuze kuqinisekiswe umgangatho odibeneyo.
14. Nceda uchaze iimeko ezisisiseko zokusika igesi. Ngaba i-oksijini-acetylene yegesi yokusika ingasetyenziselwa ubhedu? Ngoba?
Impendulo: Iimeko ezisisiseko zokusika igesi zezi:
(1) Indawo yokutshisa intsimbi kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwendawo yokunyibilika yesinyithi.
(2) Indawo yokunyibilika ye-oxide yensimbi kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwendawo yokunyibilika yesinyithi ngokwayo.
(3) Xa isinyithi sitshisa ioksijini, kufuneka sikwazi ukukhupha ubushushu obuninzi.
(4) I-thermal conductivity yensimbi kufuneka ibe yincinci.
I-oksijeni-acetylene yokusika igesi yomlilo ayikwazi ukusetyenziswa kwi-copper ebomvu, kuba i-copper oxide (CuO) ivelisa ubushushu obuncinane kakhulu, kwaye i-thermal conductivity yayo ilungile kakhulu (ubushushu abukwazi ukugxininiswa kufuphi ne-incision), ngoko ukusika kwegesi akunakwenzeka.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-06-2023
