1. Ukusetyenziswa kwenitrogen
I-nitrogen yigesi engenambala, engenatyhefu, engenavumba. Ngoko ke, i-nitrogen yegesi isetyenziswe ngokubanzi njengegesi yokukhusela. Ulwelo lwenitrogen lusetyenziswe ngokubanzi njengendawo yokukhenkceza enokudibana nomoya. Yigesi ebaluleke kakhulu. , olunye usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo lulandelayo:
1. Ukucutshungulwa kwesinyithi: umthombo we-nitrogen wonyango lobushushu olunjengokucima okuqaqambileyo, ukucima okuqaqambileyo, i-nitriding, i-nitrocarburizing, i-carbonization ethambileyo, njl.; igesi ekhuselayo ngexesha le-welding kunye ne-powder metallurgy sintering process, njl.
2. Ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali: I-nitrogen isetyenziswa ikakhulu ukwenza i-ammonia. I-reaction formula yi-N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 (iimeko ziphezulu, ubushushu obuphezulu, kunye ne-catalyst. I-reaction yi-reversible reaction) okanye i-fiber synthetic (nylon, i-acrylic), i-resin yokwenziwa, i-rubber yokwenziwa, njl. izinto ezibalulekileyo eziluhlaza. Nitrogen sisondlo esinokuthi sisetyenziswe ukwenza izichumisi. Umzekelo: ammonium bicarbonate NH4HCO3, ammonium chloride NH4Cl, ammonium nitrate NH4NO3, njl.
3. Ishishini le-elektroniki: Umthombo we-nitrojeni wokusetyenzwa kweesekethe ezinkulu ezihlanganisiweyo, iityhubhu zemifanekiso yeTV enombala, amacandelo kamabonakude kunye nonomathotholo kunye namacandelo e-semiconductor.
4. Ishishini le-Metallurgical: igesi ekhuselayo yokuphosa ngokuqhubekayo, ukuqengqeleka okuqhubekayo kunye nentsimbi ye-annealing; i-nitrogen edibeneyo evuthela phezulu nasezantsi kwi-converter yokwenza intsimbi, ukutywinwa kwi-converter ye-steelmaking, ukutywinwa kwi-blast furnace top, igesi yokuhlanjululwa kwenaliti yamalahle ukwenzela ukwenza isinyithi esiqhumayo, njl.
5. Ukugcinwa kokutya: ukugcinwa kwe-nitrogen-ezaliswe kunye nokugcinwa kweenkozo, iziqhamo, imifuno, njl.; ukupakishwa kokugcinwa kwenitrogen yenyama, itshizi, isardadi, iti kunye nekofu, njl.; i-nitrogen-ezaliswe kunye nokugcinwa kwe-oksijini-i-oxygen-depleted ye-juice yeziqhamo, i-oyile eluhlaza kunye neejam, njl.; ezahlukeneyo zokucocwa kwewayini okufana nebhotile kunye nokugubungela, njl.
6. Imboni yamachiza: Ukugcinwa kwe-nitrogen ezaliswe kunye nokugcinwa kwamayeza esintu aseTshayina (njenge-ginseng); Iinaliti ezizaliswe yi-nitrogen yamayeza aseNtshona; Ugcino oluzaliswe nitrogen kunye nezikhongozeli; Umthombo wegesi wokuthuthwa kwe-pneumatic yamayeza, njl.
7. Ishishini leMichiza: igesi ekhuselayo ekutshintsheni, ukucoca, ukutywinwa, ukuvuza ukuvuza, ukucima i-coke eyomileyo; igesi esetyenziselwa ukuvuselelwa kwe-catalyst, i-petroleum fractionation, ukuveliswa kweekhemikhali zefiber, njl.
8. Ishishini lezichumisi: izinto zenitrogen yesichumiso; igesi yokutshintshwa, ukutywinwa, ukuhlamba, kunye nokukhusela i-catalyst.
9. Ishishini lePlastiki: ukuhanjiswa kwepneumatic kwamasuntswana eplastiki; i-anti-oxidation kwimveliso yeplastiki kunye nokugcinwa, njl.
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10. Ishishini lerabha: ukupakishwa kwerabha kunye nokugcinwa; ukuveliswa kwamatayara, njl.
11. Imboni yeglasi: igesi ekhuselayo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa iglasi edadayo.
12. Ushishino lwepetroleum: ukutshaja initrogen kunye nokucocwa kogcino, izikhongozeli, iinqaba eziqhekekileyo zecatalytic, imibhobho, njl.; uvavanyo lokuvuza koxinzelelo lomoya lweenkqubo zemibhobho, njl.
13. Uphuhliso lwe-oyile elunxwemeni; ukugqunywa kwerhasi kumaqonga ekutsalweni kwe-oyile ekude nonxweme, inaliti yoxinzelelo lwenitrogen yokutsalwa kweoyile, ukucwiliselwa kweitanki zokugcina, izikhongozeli, njl.
14. Ukugcinwa kwempahla: Ukuthintela izinto ezinokutsha ezikwigumbi elingaphantsi komhlaba kunye neendawo zokugcina impahla ekutshisweni nasekuqhumeni, zizalise ngenitrogen.
15. Uthutho lwaselwandle: irhasi esetyenziselwa ukucoca nokukhusela itanki.
16. Ubuchwepheshe be-Aerospace: i-rocket fuel booster, i-pad replacement gas kunye negesi yokukhusela ukhuseleko, igesi yokulawula i-astronaut, igumbi lokulinganisa indawo, ukucoca igesi kwimibhobho yamafutha eenqwelo-moya, njl.
17. Ukusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso yeoli, igesi, kunye nemigodi yamalahle: Ukuzalisa ioli ngenitrogen akunokwandisa nje uxinzelelo equleni nokwandisa imveliso yeoli, kodwa initrogen isenokusetyenziswa njengecushion kumlinganiselo wemibhobho yokomba. , ukuphepha ngokupheleleyo uxinzelelo lodaka equleni. Inokwenzeka yokutyumza ikholomu yetyhubhu ephantsi. Ukongeza, i-nitrogen iphinda isetyenziswe kwimisebenzi ye-downhole efana ne-acidification, i-fracturing, i-hydraulic blowholes, kunye ne-hydraulic packer setting. Ukuzalisa igesi yendalo nge-nitrogen kunokunciphisa ixabiso le-calorific. Xa kutshintshwa imibhobho nge-oyile ekrwada, initrogen engamanzi inokusetyenziselwa ukutshisa kunye nokutofa imathiriyeli kuzo zombini iziphelo ukuyiqinisa kunye nokutywina.
18. Abanye:
A. Ipeyinti kunye neengubo zizaliswe nge-nitrogen kunye ne-oksijini ukukhusela i-polymerization yokomisa ioli; iitanki zokugcina i-oyile kunye negesi yendalo, izikhongozeli, kunye nemibhobho yokuthutha izaliswe yinitrogen kunye neoksijini, njl.
B. Amatayara emoto
(1) Ukuphucula ukuzinza kunye nokukhululeka kwetayara
I-Nitrojeni yigesi ephantse ibe yi-inert diatomic eneempawu zekhemikhali ezingasebenzi kakhulu. Iimolekyuli zegesi zikhulu kuneemolekyuli ze-oksijini, azihambelani nokwandiswa kwe-thermal kunye nokunciphisa, kwaye zinoluhlu oluncinci lwe-deformation. Ukungena kwayo kwi-sidewall yesondo malunga ne-30 ukuya kwi-40% encinci kunomoya, kwaye inokugcina Ukuzinzisa uxinzelelo lwesondo, ukuphucula ukuzinza kokuqhuba isondo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuqhuba ukuthuthuzela; initrogen ine-conductivity yomsindo ephantsi, ilingana ne-1/5 yomoya oqhelekileyo. Ukusebenzisa initrogen kunokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ingxolo yamatayara kunye nokuphucula ukuzola ukuqhuba.
(2) Thintela ukuvuthelwa kwamatayara kunye nokuphuma komoya
Amatayara agqabhukileyo ngoyena nobangela weengozi zendlela. Ngokweenkcukacha-manani, i-46% yeengozi zeenqwelo-mafutha koohola bendlela zibangelwa kukungaphumeleli kwamatayara, apho ukuvuthululwa kwamatayara kwenza i-70% yeengozi zizonke zamatayara. Xa imoto iqhuba, ubushushu bevili buya kunyuka ngenxa yokukhuhlana nomhlaba. Ngokukodwa xa uqhuba ngesantya esiphezulu kunye ne-braking engxamisekileyo, ukushisa kwegesi kwivili kuya kunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwaye uxinzelelo lwetayara luya kunyuka ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ke kukho ithuba lokuqhuma isondo. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu abangela ukuba irabha yetayara iguge, inciphise amandla okudinwa, kwaye ibangela ukuguga okuqatha, nto leyo ekwangumba obalulekileyo ekuvuthelweni kwamatayara okunokwenzeka. Xa kuthelekiswa nomoya oqhelekileyo woxinzelelo oluphezulu, initrogen ecocekileyo ayinayo ioksijini kwaye ayinamanzi okanye ioyile. Ine-coefficient yokwandisa i-thermal ephantsi, i-conductivity ephantsi ye-thermal, ukunyuka kobushushu obucothayo, okunciphisa isantya sokuqokelela ubushushu bethayari, kwaye ayinakutsha kwaye ayixhasi ukutsha. , ngoko ke ithuba lokuqhushumba kwetayara linokuncitshiswa kakhulu.
(3) Bandise ubomi benkonzo yamavili
Emva kokusebenzisa i-nitrogen, uxinzelelo lwetayara luzinzile kwaye utshintsho lwevolumu luncinci, olunciphisa kakhulu ukwenzeka kokuphazamiseka kwesondo okungaqhelekanga, njengokunxiba isithsaba, ukunxiba kwamagxa amavili, kunye nokunxiba kwe-eccentric, kunye nokwandisa ubomi benkonzo yevili; ukuguga kwerabha kuchaphazeleka ngamamolekyuli e-oksijini emoyeni Ngenxa ye-oxidation, amandla ayo kunye nokuqina kwayo kuyancipha emva kokuguga, kwaye kuya kubakho ukuqhekeka. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokunciphisa ubomi benkonzo yamatayara. Isixhobo sokwahlula i-nitrogen sinokuphelisa ioksijini, isulfure, ioyile, amanzi kunye nobunye ukungcola emoyeni ngowona mlinganiselo mkhulu, ngokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo iqondo le-oxidation yethayari yangaphakathi kunye ne-rubber corrosion, kwaye ayiyi kutshabalalisa i-rim yentsimbi, ukwandisa ubomi betayara. . Ubomi benkonzo nabo bunciphisa kakhulu umhlwa we-rim.
(4) Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha kunye nokukhusela okusingqongileyo
Uxinzelelo olungonelanga lwetayara kunye nokwanda kokuchasana kokuqengqeleka emva kokufudumeza kuya kubangela ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwamafutha xa uqhuba. I-Nitrogen, ngaphezu kokugcina uxinzelelo oluzinzileyo lwesondo kunye nokulibazisa ukucutha uxinzelelo lwesondo, yomile, ayinayo ioli okanye amanzi, kwaye ine-conductivity ephantsi ye-thermal. , Ukufudumala okucothayo kunciphisa ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa xa isondo liqhuba, kwaye i-deformation yesondo incinci, ukubamba kuphuculwe, njl.
2. Ukufakwa komkhenkce wenitrogen engamanzi
1. Iyeza le-Cryogenic: utyando, unyango lwe-cryogenic, ifriji yegazi, ukukhenkceza kweziyobisi kunye nokutyunyuzwa kwe-cryogenic, njl.
2. I-Bioengineering: i-cryopreservation kunye nokuthuthwa kwezityalo ezixabisekileyo, iiseli zezityalo, i-germplasm yemfuza, njl.
3. Ukucutshungulwa kwesinyithi: unyango olukhenkcezayo lwetsimbi, ukugoba okukhenkcezayo, ukukhupha kunye nokugaya, njl.
4. Ukulungiswa kokutya: izixhobo zokukhenkceza ngokukhawuleza, ukukhenkceza kokutya kunye nokuthutha, njl.
5. Ubuchwepheshe be-Aerospace: izixhobo zokuqalisa, imithombo ebandayo yamagumbi okulinganisa indawo, njl.
3. Ngokuqhubela phambili kwesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe kunye nophuhliso lokwakhiwa kwezoqoqosho, uluhlu lwezicelo ze-nitrogen luye lwanda kakhulu, kwaye luye lwangena kumacandelo amaninzi oshishino kunye nemimandla yobomi bemihla ngemihla.
1. Ukusetyenziswa kunyango lobushushu besinyithi: I-nitrogen-based atmosphere yonyango lobushushu kunye nevumba le-nitrogen njengenxalenye esisiseko iteknoloji entsha kunye nenkqubo yokonga amandla, ukhuseleko, ukungangcoliseki kokusingqongileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwemithombo yendalo. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba phantse zonke iinkqubo zokunyanga ukushisa, kubandakanywa ukucima, ukucima, i-carburizing, i-carbonitriding, i-nitriding ethambileyo kunye ne-recarburization, inokugqitywa ngokusebenzisa umoya wegesi esekelwe kwi-nitrogen. Umgangatho wamalungu esinyithi anyangwayo unokuthelekiswa nowokuthelekiseka kunyango lwesintu lwe-endothermic emoyeni. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphuhliso, uphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwale nkqubo intsha ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ikwi-ascendant kwaye iphumelele iziphumo ezineziqhamo.
2. Isicelo kwishishini le-elektroniki: Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa amacandelo e-elektroniki kunye namacandelo e-semiconductor, i-nitrogen enobunyulu obungaphezulu kwe-99.999% kufuneka isetyenziswe njengegesi yokukhusela. Okwangoku, ilizwe lam lisebenzise i-nitrogen ephezulu ecocekileyo njengegesi ethwala kunye negesi ekhuselayo kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa iityhubhu zemifanekiso yeTV yemibala, iisekethe ezinkulu ezidibeneyo, iikristale zolwelo kunye ne-semiconductor silicon wafers.
3. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokuvelisa i-chemical fiber: I-nitrogen ephezulu ecocekileyo isoloko isetyenziswa njengegesi ekhuselayo kwimveliso yefiber yeekhemikhali ukukhusela iimveliso zefiber zekhemikhali ukuba zibe oxidized ngexesha lokuvelisa kunye nokuchaphazela umbala. Ukuphakama kokucoceka kwenitrogen, kokukhona mhle ngakumbi umbala weemveliso zefayibha yemichiza. Kule mihla, ezinye iifektri ezintsha zeekhemikhali zefiber kwilizwe lam zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zenitrogen ezicocekileyo.
4. Isicelo kwindawo yokuhlala kunye nokugcinwa: Okwangoku, indlela yokutywinwa kweendawo zokugcina impahla, ukuzaliswa kwe-nitrogen kunye nokususa umoya isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kumazwe angaphandle ukugcina iinkozo. Ilizwe lethu liye lavavanya ngempumelelo le ndlela kwaye langena kwinqanaba lokukhuthazwa okusebenzayo kunye nokusetyenziswa. Ukusebenzisa umbhobho wenitrogen ukugcina iinkozo ezifana nerayisi, ingqolowa, irhasi, umbona, nerayisi kunokuthintela izinambuzane, ubushushu kunye nokungunda, ukuze zigcinwe zisemgangathweni ehlotyeni. Le ndlela kukutywina iinkozo ngokuqinileyo ngelaphu leplastiki, kuqala uyikhuphele kwindawo ephantsi yokucoca, uze uyigcwalise ngenitrogen ngococeko olumalunga nama-98% de kubekho uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Oku kunokunciphisa i-oksijini yengqolowa, kunciphise ukuphefumla kwengqolowa, kwaye kuthintele ukuveliswa kwee-microorganisms. Zonke iibhorerha ziya kufa ngenxa yokunqongophala kweoksijini kwiiyure ezingama-36. Le ndlela yokunciphisa ioksijini kunye nokubulala izinambuzane ayigcini nje ngokugcina imali eninzi (malunga nepesenti enye yeendleko zokutshisa ngamachiza anetyhefu kakhulu njenge-zinc phosphide), kodwa ikwagcina ukutsha kunye nexabiso lesondlo sokutya kwaye ithintela usulelo lwebhaktiriya. kunye nokungcoliseka kweziyobisi.
Ukugcinwa okuzaliswe yi-nitrogen kunye nokugcinwa kweziqhamo, imifuno, iti, njl. Le ndlela inokunciphisa i-metabolism yeziqhamo, imifuno, amaqabunga, njl njl kwindawo ephezulu ye-nitrogen kunye ne-oksijeni ephantsi, njengokungathi ingena kwi-hibernation, inqanda emva kokuvuthwa, kwaye ngaloo ndlela igcina isitsha ixesha elide. Ngokutsho kweemvavanyo, ii-apula ezigcinwe nge-nitrogen ziseyi-crispy kwaye zimnandi emva kweenyanga ezi-8, kwaye iindleko zokugcinwa kwee-apula ngekhilogram malunga ne-1 dime. Ugcino oluzaliswe nitrogen lunokunciphisa kakhulu ilahleko yeziqhamo ngexesha lexesha eliphakamileyo, liqinisekise unikezelo lweziqhamo kwiimarike zangaphandle kwexesha lonyaka, liphucule umgangatho weziqhamo ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle, nokwandisa ingeniso yonaniso lwangaphandle.
I-tea ihlanjululwa kwaye i-nitrogen-izaliswe, oko kukuthi, i-tea ifakwe kwi-aluminium-platinum ephindwe kabini (okanye i-nylon polyethylene-aluminium composite foil) isikhwama, umoya ukhutshwe, i-nitrogen ifakwe, kwaye isikhwama sitywinwe. Emva konyaka omnye, umgangatho wetiyi uya kuba mtsha, isobho setiyi siya kucaca kwaye sikhanyise, kwaye i-taste iya kuba nyulu kwaye ivumba. Ngokucacileyo, ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukugcina iti entsha ingcono kakhulu kunokupakishwa kwevacuum okanye ukupakishwa komkhenkce.
Okwangoku, ukutya okuninzi kusapakishwe kwivacuum okanye kwipakethe ekhenkcezisiweyo. Ukupakishwa kwevacuum kusengozini yokuvuza komoya, kwaye ukupakishwa komkhenkce kusengozini yokonakala. Akukho nanye kuzo elunge njengepakeji egcwele initrogen.
5. Ukusetyenziswa kweteknoloji ye-aerospace
Indalo iphela iyabanda, imnyama kwaye ikwivacuum ephezulu. Xa abantu besiya ezulwini, kufuneka baqale benze iimvavanyo zokulinganisa emhlabeni. Initrogen elulwelo kunye neheliyam engamanzi kufuneka isetyenziswe ukulinganisa indawo. Amagumbi okulinganisa isithuba esikhulu e-United States asebenzisa i-300,000 cubic metres yegesi yenitrogen ngenyanga ukwenza uvavanyo lokulinganisa lwetonela yomoya. Kwi-rocket, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo kwesixhobo se-hydrogen esivuthayo kunye nesiqhushumbisi, izixhobo zokucima umlilo ze-nitrogen zifakwe kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo. Initrogen yoxinzelelo oluphezulu ikwayigesi yonikezelo loxinzelelo lwerhasi yerokethi (i-oksijini elulwelo lwe-hydrogen-elulwelo) kunye nerhasi yokucoca yombhobho wokutsha.
Ngaphambi kokuba inqwelo-moya induluke okanye emva kokuhlala, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko nokuthintela ingozi yogqabhuko-dubulo kwigumbi lokutsha kwe-injini, ngokuqhelekileyo kuyimfuneko ukucoca igumbi lokutshisa i-injini ngenitrogen.
Ukongeza, initrogen ikwasetyenziswa njengerhasi ekhuselayo kwiireactors zeathom.
Ngamafutshane, initrogen ithandeka ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele kukhuseleko kunye ne-inshurensi. Imfuno yenitrogen iyakhula ngophuhliso kunye nogxininiso loshishino. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lolwakhiwo lwezoqoqosho lwelizwe lam, inani lenitrogen elisetyenziswa kwilizwe lam liya kwanda ngokukhawuleza.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-22-2024
