UCarl Scheele, isazi samachiza saseSweden, noDaniel Rutherford, isazi ngezityalo saseSkotlani, bafumanisa initrogen ngokwahlukeneyo ngo-1772. Umfundisi uCavendish noLavoisier nabo bafumana initrogen ngokuzimeleyo ngaxeshanye. I-Nitrogen yaqatshelwa njenge-elementi nguLavoisier, owayibiza ngokuthi "azo", elithetha "akuphili". UChaptal wathiya i-element nitrogen ngo-1790. Igama lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike elithi "nitre" (i-nitrate equlethe i-nitrogen kwi-nitrate)
Abavelisi beMveliso yeNitrojeni - iChina iNitrogen Production Factory & Suppliers (xinfatools.com)
Imithombo yeNitrojeni
I-nitrogen yeyona nto yama-30 yeyona nto ininzi emhlabeni. Ukuqwalasela ukuba i-nitrogen ithatha i-4/5 yomthamo we-atmospheric, okanye ngaphezu kwe-78%, sinezixa eziphantse zingenasiphelo ze-nitrogen ezifumanekayo kuthi. I-nitrojeni ikhona ngendlela ye-nitrate kwiindidi zamaminerali, ezifana ne-saltpeter yaseChile (i-nitrate ye-sodium), i-saltpeter okanye i-nitre (i-nitrate ye-potassium), kunye neeminerali eziqukethe i-ammonium salts. Initrogen ikhona kwiimolekyuli ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo zezinto eziphilayo, kuquka iiproteni kunye neeamino acids ezikhoyo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo
I-Nitrogen N2 yigesi engenambala, ayinancasa, kwaye ayinavumba kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, kwaye ayidli ngokuba yityhefu. Ubuninzi begesi phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo yi-1.25g/L. I-nitrojeni ithatha i-78.12% ye-atmosfera iyonke (iqhezu lomthamo) kwaye iyona nxalenye yomoya. Kukho malunga nama-400 eetriliyoni zeetoni zerhasi esibhakabhakeni.
Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-atmospheric, xa lupholile ukuya ku -195.8℃, luba lulwelo olungenambala. Xa ipholile ukuya ku -209.86℃, initrogen engamanzi iba yinto eqinileyo efana nekhephu.
I-Nitrojeni ayinakutsha kwaye ithathwa njengegesi yokuphefumla (oko kukuthi, ukuphefumla i-nitrogen ecocekileyo ivalela umzimba womntu ioksijini). Nitrogen inonyibiliko oluphantsi kakhulu emanzini. Kwi-283K, umthamo omnye wamanzi unokunyibilika malunga nomthamo we-0.02 we-N2.
Iimpawu zeMichiza
I-nitrogen ineempawu zeekhemikhali ezizinzileyo kakhulu. Kunzima ukusabelana nezinye izinto kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, kodwa kunokutshintsha iikhemikhali ngezinto ezithile phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye neemeko eziphezulu zamandla, kwaye zingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izinto ezintsha eziluncedo ebantwini.
I-molecular orbital formula ye-nitrogen molekyuli ngu-KK σs2 σs*2 σp2 σp*2 πp2. Izibini ezintathu zee-electron zinegalelo ekudibaniseni, oko kukuthi, iibhondi ezimbini ze-π kunye ne-σ bond enye zenziwe. Akukho galelo kwi-bonding, kwaye amandla okudibanisa kunye nokuchasana nokudibanisa amalunga ne-offset, kwaye alingana nezibini ze-electron eyodwa. Ekubeni kukho i-triple bond N≡N kwi-molecule ye-N2, i-molecule ye-N2 inozinzo olukhulu, kwaye ithatha i-941.69 kJ / i-mol yamandla ukuyichitha kwii-athomu. I-molecule ye-N2 yeyona nto izinzile kwii-athomu ze-diatomic ezaziwayo, kunye ne-molecular mass ye-nitrogen yi-28. Ngaphezu koko, i-nitrogen ayilula ukutshisa kwaye ayixhasi ukutsha.
Indlela yokuvavanya
Beka i-Mg bar evuthayo kwibhotile yokuqokelela igesi egcwele i-nitrogen, kwaye i-Mg bar iya kuqhubeka nokuvutha. Khupha uthuthu olushiyekileyo (umgubo otyheli kancinane uMg3N2), yongeza umlinganiselo omncinci wamanzi, kwaye uvelise igesi (ammonia) ejika iphepha elimanzi le-litmus elibomvu. I-reaction equation: 3Mg + N2 = ukutshisa = Mg3N2 (i-magnesium nitride); Mg3N2 + 6H2O = 3Mg (OH) 2 + 2NH3↑
Iimpawu zokudibanisa kunye nesakhiwo se-valence bond ye-nitrogen
Ngenxa yokuba into enye i-N2 izinzile kakhulu phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, abantu bahlala bekholelwa ngempazamo ukuba i-nitrogen yinto engasebenziyo kwiikhemikhali. Enyanisweni, ngokuchaseneyo, i-nitrogen ye-elemental inomsebenzi ophezulu weekhemikhali. I-electronegativity ye-N (3.04) yesibini kuphela kwi-F kunye ne-O, ebonisa ukuba inokwenza izibophelelo ezinamandla kunye nezinye izinto. Ukongeza, ukuzinza kwemolekyuli enye ye-N2 kubonisa nje umsebenzi we-athomu ye-N. Ingxaki kukuba abantu abakafumani iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokusebenzisa ii-molecule ze-N2 kwiqondo lokushisa kunye noxinzelelo. Kodwa kwindalo, ezinye iibhaktheriya kumaqhuqhuva ezityalo zinokuguqula i-N2 esemoyeni ibe yimixube yenitrogen phantsi kweemeko zamandla aphantsi kubushushu obuqhelekileyo kunye noxinzelelo, kwaye izisebenzise njengesichumiso sokukhula kwesityalo.
Ke ngoko, uphononongo lokulungiswa kwenitrogen bekusoloko kusisihloko esibalulekileyo sophando lwezenzululwazi. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuba siqonde iimpawu zokudibanisa kunye nesakhiwo se-valence bond ye-nitrogen ngokweenkcukacha.
Uhlobo lwebhondi
Isakhiwo se-electron ye-valence ye-athomu ye-N yi-2s2p3, oko kukuthi, kukho ii-electron ezi-3 ezingatshatanga kunye neperi ye-electron eyodwa. Ngokusekwe koku, xa kusenziwa iikhompawundi, ezi ntlobo zintathu zilandelayo zinokuveliswa:
1. Ukwenza iibhondi ze-ionic 2. Ukwenza iibhondi ze-covalent 3. Ukwenza iibhondi zolungelelaniso
1. Ukwenza iibhondi ze-ionic
Ii-athom ze-N zine-electronegativity ephezulu (3.04). Xa benza i-nitrides yokubini ngesinyithi kunye ne-electronegativity ephantsi, njenge-Li (i-electronegativity 0.98), i-Ca (i-electronegativity 1.00), kunye ne-Mg (i-electronegativity 1.31), banokufumana ii-electron ezi-3 kunye ne-N3- ions. I-N2+ 6 Li == 2 Li3N N2+ 3 Ca == Ca3N2 N2+ 3 Mg =ignite= Mg3N2 N3- ii-ion zinentlawulo ephezulu engalunganga kunye nerediyasi enkulu (171pm). Ziya kuba ne-hydrolyzed kakhulu xa zidibana ne-molecule zamanzi. Ngoko ke, iikhompawundi ze-ionic zinokubakho kuphela kwindawo eyomileyo, kwaye akuyi kubakho ion hydrated ye-N3-.
2. Ukuqulunqwa kweebhondi ze-covalent
Xa ii-athom ze-N zenza iikhompawundi ezinee-non-metals ezine-electronegativity ephezulu, ezi bhondi zilandelayo ziyayilwa:
⑴N iiathom zithatha i-sp3 hybridization state, zenze iibhondi ezintathu ezihlangeneyo, zigcine iperi ye-electron eyodwa ngababini, kwaye ubumbeko lwemolekyuli yi-trigonal pyramidal, efana ne-NH3, NF3, NCl3, njalo njalo. i-tetrahedron eqhelekileyo, efana ne-NH4 + ion.
⑵N iiathom zithatha imo yokuxutywa kwe-sp2, zenze iibhondi ezimbini ezidibeneyo kunye nebhondi enye, kwaye zigcina iperi ye-electron eyodwa ngababini, kwaye ulungelelwaniso lwemolekyuli luyi-angular, njenge-Cl—N=O. (i-athom engu-N yenza ibhondi engu-σ kunye ne-π bond kunye ne-athom ye-Cl, kunye neperi ye-electron eyodwa kwi-athom ye-N yenza i-molecule ibe ngunxantathu.) NO3- ion. Kwi-athomu ye-asidi ye-nitric, i-athom ye-N yenza iibhondi ezintathu ze-σ ezinee-athom ezintathu ze-O ngokulandelelanayo, kunye neperi yee-electron kwi-orbital yayo π kunye ne-electron eyodwa π yee-athom ezimbini ze-O zenza iziko ezintathu ezine-electron delocalized π bond. Kwi-nitrate ion, iziko ezine-elektroni ezintandathu delocalized enkulu π bond yenziwa phakathi kweeathom ezintathu O kunye nombindi N athom. Esi sakhiwo senza inani elibonakalayo le-oxidation ye-athomu ye-N kwi-nitric acid +5. Ngenxa yobukho beebhondi ezinkulu ze-π, i-nitrate izinzile ngokwaneleyo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. ⑶N i-atom ithatha i-sp hybridization ukuze yenze ibhondi edibeneyo kathathu kwaye igcine iperi ye-electron eyodwa. Uqwalaselo lwemolekyuli lunemigca, njengesakhiwo se-athomu ye-N kwi-molecule ye-N2 kunye ne-CN-.
3. Ukuqulunqwa kweebhondi zokulungelelanisa
Xa iiathom zenitrogen zenza izinto ezilula okanye iikhompawundi, zihlala zigcina izibini ze-electron eyodwa, ngoko ke izinto ezilula ezinjalo okanye iikhompawundi zinokusebenza njengabanikeli besibini be-electron ukulungelelanisa iiyoni zesinyithi. Umzekelo, [Cu(NH3)4]2+ okanye [Tu(NH2)5]7, njl.
Imeko ye-Oxidation-Gibbs yamandla asimahla umzobo
Iyakwazi ukubonwa kwi-oxidation state-Gibbs i-diagram yamandla yamahhala ye-nitrogen ukuba, ngaphandle kwe-NH4 ion, i-molecule ye-N2 enenombolo ye-oxidation ye-0 kwindawo ephantsi ye-curve kumzobo, obonisa ukuba i-N2 i-thermodynamically. ezinzile xa kuthelekiswa imixube nitrogen kunye namanye amanani oxidation.
Amaxabiso eekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo zenitrogen ezinamanani e-oxidation phakathi kwe-0 kunye ne +5 zonke zingaphezulu komgca odibanisa amanqaku amabini i-HNO3 kunye ne-N2 (umgca onamachokoza kumzobo), ngoko ke ezi khompawundi azizinzanga ngokwe-thermodynamically kwaye ziqhelene nokusabela ngokungafaniyo. Inye kuphela kumzobo enexabiso eliphantsi kune-molecule ye-N2 yi-ion ye-NH4 +. [1] Ukusuka kwi-oxidation state-Gibbs idiagram yamandla asimahla yenitrogen kunye nesakhiwo se-molecule ye-N2, kunokubonwa ukuba i-elemental N2 ayisebenzi. Kuphela phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nobukho be-catalyst inokuthi i-nitrogen isebenze kunye ne-hydrogen ukuze yenze i-ammonia: Ngaphantsi kweemeko zokukhutshwa, i-nitrogen inokudibanisa ne-oksijini ukuze yenze i-nitric oxide: N2 + O2=discharge = 2NO I-nitric oxide idibanisa ngokukhawuleza ne-oksijini ukuya. yenza initrogen dioxide 2NO+O2=2NO2 Nitrogen dioxide inyibilika emanzini ukuze yenze i-nitric acid, i-nitric oxide 3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO Kumazwe anamandla ombane aphuhlisiweyo, le ntshukumo iye yasetyenziswa ukuvelisa iasidi yenitric. I-N2 idibana ne-hydrogen ukuvelisa i-ammonia: N2+3H2=== (uphawu olubuyiselwa umva) I-2NH3 N2 isabela ngeentsimbi ezinesakhono esisezantsi se-ionization kwaye ii-nitrides zayo zinamandla aphezulu e-lattice ukwenza i-ionic nitrides. Umzekelo: i-N2 inokusabela ngokuthe ngqo nge-metallic lithium kwiqondo lokushisa: 6 Li + N2=== 2 Li3N N2 isabela ngesinyithi somhlaba we-alkaline Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba kumaqondo obushushu e-incandescent: 3 Ca + N2=== Ca3N2 N2 can kuphela isabela nge-boron kunye ne-aluminium kumaqondo okushisa e-incandescent: 2 B + N2 === 2 BN (i-macromolecule compound) i-N2 ngokubanzi isabela nge-silicon kunye nezinye izinto zeqela kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphezulu kwe-1473K.
Imolekyuli yenitrogen igalela izibini ezintathu zeeelectron ekudibaneni, oko kukuthi, ukwenza iibhondi ezimbini zika-π kunye nebhondi enye engu-σ. Ayinagalelo ekudibaneni, kwaye amandla okudibanisa kunye nokuchasana nokudityaniswa aphantse abe yi-offset, kwaye ayalingana nezibini ze-electron eyodwa. Ngenxa yokuba kukho i-triple bond N≡N kwi-molecule ye-N2, i-molecule ye-N2 inozinzo olukhulu, kwaye ithatha i-941.69kJ / i-mol yamandla ukuyichitha kwii-athomu. I-molecule ye-N2 yeyona nto izinzile kwii-athomu ze-diatomic ezaziwayo, kunye ne-molecular mass ye-nitrogen yi-28. Ngaphezu koko, i-nitrogen ayilula ukutshisa kwaye ayixhasi ukutsha.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-23-2024
