Ukongeza kwi-shock yombane efanayo, ukutsha, kunye nomlilo njenge-arc welding manual, i-argon arc welding ineendawo eziphezulu ze-electromagnetic, i-electrode radiation, umonakalo we-arc ukukhanya, umsi we-welding, kunye neegesi ezinetyhefu ezinamandla kakhulu kune-arc welding manual. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngumbane ohamba rhoqo kunye ne-ozone.
1. Ukuthintela umonakalo ovela kwiindawo eziphezulu ze-electromagnetic fields
1. Ukuveliswa kunye nokwenzakala kwemimandla ephezulu ye-electromagnetic fields
Kwi-tungsten arc welding kunye ne-plasma arc welding, i-oscillators ephezulu-frequency isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuvuselela i-arc. Abanye oomatshini be-AC argon arc welding nabo basebenzisa i-oscillator ephezulu-frequency ukuzinzisa i-arc. Ukuphindaphinda kwe-oscillator ephezulu esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-welding yi-200-500 lamawaka imijikelezo, i-voltage yi-2500-3500 volts, i-high-frequency yangoku i-high-frequency intensity yi-3-7 mA, kwaye umbane wentsimi yombane malunga ne-140-190 volts. /imitha. Ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kwee-welders kwi-high-frequency electromagnetic fields kunokubangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwemithambo-luvo kunye neurasthenia. Iimpawu ziquka ukugula ngokubanzi, ukuba nesiyezi, ukuphupha, intloko ebuhlungu, ukulibala, ukudinwa, ukungakuthandi ukutya, ukuphuthelwa kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi oluphantsi.
Imigangatho yezempilo ezalanisayo kwimimandla ye-high-frequency electromagnetic fields imisela ukuba ubushushu obuvumelekileyo bemitha kwiiyure ezisi-8 zokuvezwa yi-20 V/m. Ngokwemilinganiselo, ubunzulu bommandla we-electromagnetic we-high-frequency field efunyenwe ngawo onke amalungu e-welder ngexesha le-tungsten arc welding idlula umgangatho. Phakathi kwabo, ubukhulu besandla buphezulu, budlula umgangatho wezempilo ngamaxesha angaphezu kwama-5. Ukuba i-oscillator ye-high-frequency oscillator isetyenziselwa kuphela i-arc ignition, impembelelo iya kuba yincinci ngenxa yexesha elifutshane, kodwa ukubonakaliswa kwexesha elide kuyingozi, kwaye kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo okukhusela asebenzayo.
2. Amanyathelo okhuseleko ngokuchasene nemimandla ye-electromagnetic ephezulu
⑴ Ukufumana iarc ignition kunye ne-arc uzinziso kwi-argon arc welding, zama ukusebenzisa izixhobo ze-transistor pulse endaweni yezixhobo ze-oscillation ze-high-frequency oscillation, okanye kuphela ukuvutha kwe-arc. Emva kokuba i-arc ivutha, ngokukhawuleza unqumle ukunikezelwa kwamandla aphezulu.
⑵ Ukunciphisa i-oscillation frequency, tshintsha i-capacitor kunye ne-inductor parameters, kwaye unciphise i-oscillation frequency ukuya kwi-30,000 cycles ukunciphisa impembelelo emzimbeni womntu. ukuya
⑶ Kwimicingo ekhuselweyo kunye neengcingo, sebenzisa iingcingo ezithambileyo ezilukiweyo ngobhedu, uzijikelezise ngaphandle kombhobho wentambo (kuquka iingcingo ezikwitotshi yokuwelda nakumatshini wokuwelda), uze uzicole. ukuya
⑷ Ngenxa yokuba i-voltage ye-high-frequency oscillation circuit iphezulu kakhulu, kufuneka ibe ne-insulation efanelekileyo kwaye ethembekileyo.
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2. Ukuthintelwa kokwenzakala kwiRadiation
1. Imithombo kunye nobungozi bemitha
I-electrode ye-tungsten ethobileyo esetyenziswe kwi-argon arc welding kunye ne-plasma arc welding iqulethe i-1-1.2% ye-thorium oxide. I-Thorium yinto ye-radioactive echaphazelekayo yi-radiation ngexesha lenkqubo ye-welding kwaye ngexesha lokuqhagamshelana nentonga ye-tungsten ethobileyo.
Imitha isebenza emzimbeni womntu ngeendlela ezimbini: enye i-irradiation yangaphandle, kwaye enye i-irradiation yangaphakathi xa ingena emzimbeni ngeenkqubo zokuphefumla kunye nezokugaya. Inani elikhulu lophando kunye nemilinganiselo kwi-argon arc welding kunye ne-plasma arc welding ibonise ukuba iingozi zabo ze-radioactive zincinci, kuba kuphela i-100-200 mg ye-tungsten yentonga esetyenziswa yonke imihla, kwaye idosi ye-radiation incinci kakhulu kwaye incinci. impembelelo kumzimba womntu. . Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko ezimbini ezimele ziqwalaselwe: okokuqala, xa u-welding kwisitya, umoya wokungena umoya awugudi, kwaye amasuntswana e-radioactive emsini angadlula imigangatho yezempilo; okwesibini, xa ugaya iintonga ze-thorium tungsten kwaye apho kukho i-thorium tungsten iintonga, i-radioactive aerosols Kwaye ukuxinwa kothuli lwe-radioactive kunokufikelela okanye kudlule imigangatho yezempilo. Ukungena kwezixhobo ze-radioactive emzimbeni kunokubangela ukugula kwemitha engapheliyo, ebonakaliswa ngokukodwa ekunciphiseni isimo esisebenzayo jikelele, ubuthathaka obucacileyo kunye nobuthathaka, ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuxhathisa kwizifo ezosulelayo, ukunciphisa umzimba kunye nezinye iimpawu. ukuya
2. Amanyathelo okuthintela umonakalo wemitha
⑴Iintsimbi ze-tungsten kufuneka zibenezixhobo zokugcina ezikhethekileyo. Xa zigcinwe ngobuninzi, kufuneka zifihlwe kwiibhokisi zentsimbi kwaye zixhotyiswe ngemibhobho yokukhupha.
⑵ Xa usebenzisa ikhava evaliweyo kwi-welding, isigqubuthelo akufanele sivulwe ngexesha lokusebenza. Ngethuba lokusebenza ngesandla, i-helmet yokukhusela umoya kufuneka igqitywe okanye amanye amanyathelo asebenzayo kufuneka athathwe. ukuya
⑶ Ivili elikhethekileyo lokusila lifanele lilungiswe ukuze kusilwe ii-tungsten rods. I-grinder kufuneka ixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokususa uthuli. I-debris yokugaya emhlabeni we-grinder kufuneka ihlambuluke rhoqo ngokucoca okumanzi kwaye igxininise kwaye ingcwatywe ngokujulile. ukuya
⑷ Nxiba imaski yothuli xa usila ii-tungsten rods. Emva kokudibana neentonga ze-tungsten, kufuneka uhlambe izandla zakho ngamanzi asebenzayo kunye nesepha, kwaye uhlambe iimpahla zakho zokusebenza kunye neeglavu rhoqo. ukuya
⑸Khetha iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo xa udibanisa kwaye usikwa ukunqanda ukutshisa kakhulu intonga ye-tungsten. ukuya
⑹ Zama ukungasebenzisi i-tungsten rods kodwa sebenzisa i-cerium tungsten rods okanye i-yttrium tungsten rods, kuba ezimbini zokugqibela azinaradioactive.
3. Thintela umonakalo wokukhanya kwe-arc
1. Iingozi zemitha ye-arc
Imitha ye-welding arc ikakhulu ibandakanya ukukhanya okubonakalayo, imitha ye-infrared kunye ne-ultraviolet ray. Zisebenza kumzimba womntu kwaye zixutywe zizicubu zomntu, ezibangela i-thermal, photochemical okanye i-ionization effect kwi-tissue, ebangela umonakalo kwizicubu zomntu.
⑴ Imitha ye-Ultraviolet Ubude bemitha ye-ultraviolet buphakathi kwe-0.4-0.0076 microns. Okukhona ubude bamaza bufutshane, kokukhona umonakalo omkhulu webhayoloji. Ulusu lomntu kunye namehlo aziva evezwe ngokugqithisileyo kwimitha ye-ultraviolet. Ngaphantsi kwesenzo semitha ye-ultraviolet enamandla, ulusu lunokubangela i-dermatitis, kunye ne-erythema ebonakala eluswini, njengokungathi ibekwe elangeni, kunye namadyunguza amancinci, i-exudate kunye ne-edema, ngokutshisa, ukurhawuzelela, ukuthantamisa, kunye nobumnyama kamva. . Ukuxobula. Amehlo achaphazeleka kakhulu kwimitha ye-ultraviolet. Ukubonakaliswa kwexesha elifutshane kunokubangela i-keratoconjunctivitis ebukhali, ebizwa ngokuba yi-electrophoto ophthalmia. Iimpawu ziintlungu, imvakalelo ebuhlungu, iinyembezi ezigqithisileyo, ifotophobia, ukoyika umoya, nokungaboni kakuhle. Ngokubanzi, akusayi kubakho lulandelelwano. ukuya
Imisebe ye-ultraviolet ye-arc ye-welding inamandla amakhulu okonakalisa iifayili, kwaye iingubo zekotoni zizona zonakaliswe kakhulu. Ilaphu elimhlophe linamandla okumelana nemitha ye-UV ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezibonisa amandla. Imisebe ye-ultraviolet eveliswa yi-argon arc welding ngama-5-10 amaxesha e-arc welding manual, kwaye umonakalo unzima kakhulu. Impahla yokusebenza ye-argon arc welding kufuneka yenziwe ngamalaphu amelana ne-asidi njenge-tweed kunye nesilika ye-oki.
⑵Imitha ye-infrared Ubude bemitha ye-infrared buphakathi kwe-343-0.76 microns. Ingozi yayo ephambili kumzimba womntu yimpembelelo ye-thermal yezicubu. Imitha ye-infrared emide inokufunxwa ngumzimba womntu, ibangela ukuba abantu bazive beshushu; Imitha ye-infrared yamaza amafutshane inokufunxwa zizicubu, ibangele ukuba bazive beshushu.
Ukushisa igazi kunye nezicubu ezinzulu, kubangela ukutshisa. Ngexesha lenkqubo ye-welding, amehlo akho aya kuboniswa kwimitha ye-infrared enamandla, kwaye uya kuziva ngokukhawuleza ukutshisa okunamandla kunye neentlungu ezivuthayo, kunye ne-flash hallucinations iya kwenzeka. Ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kunokubangela i-cataracts ye-infrared, ukulahleka kombono, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, ukungaboni. Kwakhona kunokubangela ukutsha kweretina.
⑶Ukukhanya okubonakalayo Ukutshintsha kokukhanya kokukhanya okubonakalayo kwe-arc ye-welding kungaphezulu kwamaxesha angama-10,000 kunokutshintsha kokukhanya okuqhelekileyo ukunyamezela. Xa evezwe kwimitha, amehlo anokuba buhlungu kwaye angaboni kakuhle kangangexesha elithile. I-arc idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "dazzling", kwaye amandla okusebenza alahlekile ngexesha elifutshane, kodwa anokubuyiselwa ngokukhawuleza. ukuya
2. Ukukhuselwa kwi-welding arc light
Ukuze ukhusele amehlo kumonakalo wokukhanya kwe-arc, i-welders kufuneka inxibe imaski ngesihluzo esikhethekileyo xa i-welding. Imaski yenziwe ngekhadibhodi yentsimbi emnyama, emile kakuhle, ilula, iyakwazi ukumelana nobushushu, i-non-conductive, kwaye ayivuzi ukukhanya. Ilensi yokucoca ebekwe kwimaski, eyaziwa njengeglasi emnyama, iqhele ukusetyenziswa njengelensi yokufunxa. Ukukhethwa kwayo kobumnyama kufuneka kumiselwe ngokokuqina kwe-welding current. Umbono we-welder kunye nokukhanya kwendawo ye-welding kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Abashicileli abancinci banamehlo amahle kwaye kufuneka basebenzise iilensi zokucoca ezinemibala emikhulu kunye nemnyama. Xa i-welding ebusuku okanye kwindawo emnyama, iilensi ezimnyama kufuneka nazo zikhethwe.
Kukho uhlobo lwe-lens ekhuselayo ekhanyayo enokubonisa ukukhanya okuqinileyo kwe-arc, buthathaka amandla okukhanya kwe-arc eyonakalisa amehlo, kunye nokukhusela amehlo ngcono. Kukwakho nelensi yombane ekwaziyo ukulungelelanisa ngokuzenzekelayo ukukhanya. Inokukhanya okuhle xa i-arc ingavuthwanga kwaye inokubona ngokucacileyo imbonakalo engaphandle kwesipili. Xa i-arc igxothwa, ubumnyama beeglasi buya kuba nzulu ngokukhawuleza kwaye bunokuthintela ukukhanya kakuhle. Oku kuphelisa isidingo sokuphakamisa imaski okanye ukujiya izibuko ezikhuselayo xa utshintsha iintonga ze-welding.
Ukuze uthintele ulusu lwe-welder kumonakalo we-arc, izambatho ezikhuselayo ze-welder kufuneka zenziwe nge-canvas ekhanyayo okanye emhlophe ukuze kwandiswe amandla okubonakalisa ukukhanya kwe-arc. Iipokotho zeempahla zokusebenza kufuneka zibe mnyama. Xa usebenza, ii-cuffs kufuneka ziboshwe ngokuqinileyo, iiglavu kufuneka zifakwe ngaphandle kweekhati, ikhola kufuneka ifakwe, imilenze yebhulukhwe ayifanele ithotywe, kwaye ulusu alufanele lubonakaliswe.
Ukuze kuthintelwe abasebenzi abangabancedani nabanye abasebenzi abakufutshane nesiza sokuwelda ukuba benzekaliswa sisibane se-arc, kufuneka basebenzisane omnye nomnye, babulise ngaphambi kokuba baqale umlilo, yaye abasebenzi abangabancedani bafanele banxibe iindondo ezinemibala. Xa u-welding kwindawo emiselweyo, isikrini sokukhusela ukukhanya kufuneka sisetyenziswe.
Iingozi zeegesi ezinetyhefu
Ngaphantsi kwesenzo sokushisa okuphezulu kunye nemitha ye-ultraviolet enamandla ye-arc welding, iindidi zeegesi ezinobungozi zenziwa malunga ne-arc zone, phakathi kwazo i-ozone, i-nitrogen oxides, i-carbon monoxide kunye ne-hydrogen fluoride zizona ziphambili.
1. I-Ozone I-Oxygen emoyeni ithatha i-photochemical reactions phantsi kwe-short-wave ultraviolet irradiation ukwenza i-ozone (O3). I-ozone yigesi eluhlaza ekhanyayo enevumba elimnandi. Xa ugxininiso luphezulu, lunevumba lentlanzi; xa ugxininiso luphezulu, lunencasa emuncu kancinci kwivumba lentlanzi. Ingozi yayo ephambili kumzimba womntu kukuba inefuthe elinamandla elikhuthazayo kwindlela yokuphefumula kunye nemiphunga. Xa ugxininiso lwe-ozone ludlula umda othile, luhlala lubangela ukukhohlela, umqala owomileyo, ulwimi olomileyo, ukuqina kwesifuba, ukulahlekelwa ngumdla, ukudinwa, isiyezi, isicaphucaphu, intlungu ngokubanzi, njl. Kwiimeko ezinzima, ngakumbi xa welding kwisitya esivaliweyo kunye ukungangeni komoya kakubi, kunokubangela ibronchitis.
Ngokwemilinganiselo, ugxininiso lwe-ozone kwindawo ye-welding inxulumene nezinto ezinje ngeendlela zokuwelda, izixhobo ze-welding, iigesi ezikhuselayo, kunye neenkcukacha ze-welding.
Ngokweziphumo zophando kunye nophando kwiindawo zokuvelisa kwilizwe lam, umgangatho wococeko we-ozone concentration yi-0.3 mg / m3.
2. I-Nitrogen oxides I-nitrogen oxides ngexesha lenkqubo ye-welding yenziwa ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu kwe-arc, okubangela ukuchithwa kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-nitrogen kunye ne-oksijini ye-oxygen emoyeni. Ii<em>nitrogen oxides nazo zizigesi eziyityhefu ezicaphukisayo, kodwa aziyotyhefu kangako kune<em>ozone. Ii-nitrogen oxides ikakhulu zinempembelelo evuselelayo kwimiphunga.
Izinto ezichaphazela ukuxinwa kwe-nitrogen oxides zifana ne-ozone. Ngexesha le-argon arc welding kunye ne-plasma arc welding, ukuba amanyathelo okungenisa umoya angathathwanga, ukuxinwa kwe-nitrogen oxides kaninzi kunokugqithisa imigangatho yezempilo ngaphezu kwamaxesha alishumi okanye namaxesha amaninzi. Ilizwe lethu limisela ukuba umgangatho wezempilo we-nitrogen oxides (uguqulelwe kwi = nitrogen oxide) ngu-5 mg/m3.
Ngethuba lenkqubo ye-welding, ithuba le-nitrogen oxides ekhoyo yodwa lincinci kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-ozone kunye ne-nitrogen oxides zikhona ngexesha elifanayo, ngoko ziyingozi kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubukho beegesi ezimbini ezinobuthi ngexesha elifanayo zihlandlo ezili-15-20 ezinobungozi ngaphezu kwegesi enye enetyhefu.
3. I-Carbon monoxide I-Carbon monoxide yenziwe ngokuchithwa kwe-carbon dioxide gas phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu be-arc. Zonke iintlobo ze-arc welding evulekileyo ziya kuvelisa igesi ye-carbon monoxide, phakathi kwayo i-carbon dioxide ekhuselwe i-welding ivelisa i-concentration ephezulu. Ngokwemilinganiselo, i-carbon monoxide concentration kufuphi ne-mask ye-welder inokufikelela kwi-300 mg / m3, ephindwe ngaphezu kweshumi eliphezulu kunomgangatho wezempilo. Ukuxinana kwekhabhon monoxide eveliswa ngexesha lokuwelda kwe-arc ye-plasma nako kuphezulu kakhulu, ke ingqwalasela eyodwa kufuneka ihlawulwe ekusebenzeni kwindawo ekungangeni moya kuyo.
Kukho malunga ne-1% ye-carbon monoxide kumsi we-arc welding manual, kwaye ukugxininiswa kwisitya esivaliweyo kunye ne-ventilation embi kunokufikelela kwi-15 mg / m3. Imigangatho yempilo yelizwe lam ichaza ukuba i-carbon monoxide concentration yi-30 mg/m3.
Ikharbhon monoxide yigesi ephefumlayo. Impembelelo yayo eyityhefu emzimbeni womntu kukuthintela ukuthuthwa kweoksijini emzimbeni okanye umsebenzi wokufunxa kwe-oksijini kwezicubu, okubangela i-thishu hypoxia kunye nothotho lweempawu kunye neempawu ze-hypoxia. Iimpawu zetyhefu ebukhali yekhabhon monoxide zezi: intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, ubuthathaka jikelele, ubuthathaka emilenzeni, kwanemvakalelo yokufa isiqaqa. Ukuba ushiya indawo ngokukhawuleza kwaye uphefumle umoya omtsha, iimpawu ziya kunyamalala ngokukhawuleza. Kwiimeko ezimandundu ngakumbi, ukongezelela ekunyukeni kwezi mpawu zingasentla, izinga lokubetha kwentliziyo liyenyuka, umntu akakwazi ukushukuma, angene ekomani, kwaye usenokuntsonkothelwa ziimpawu ezifana ne-cerebral edema, i-pulmonary edema, umonakalo we-myocardial, kunye nesingqi sentliziyo. ukuphazamiseka. ICarbon monoxide phantsi kweemeko ze-welding ikakhulu ineziphumo ezingapheliyo kumzimba womntu. Ukuphefumla ixesha elide kunokubangela i-neurasthenia efana nentloko, isiyezi, ibala eliluthuthu, ubuthathaka bemilenze, ukuncipha, kunye nokungakhululeki ngokubanzi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-22-2024
