Ukongeza kwizinto zenkqubo, ezinye izinto zenkqubo ye-welding, ezifana nobungakanani begroove kunye nobukhulu be-gap, i-angle yokuthambekela kwe-electrode kunye ne-workpiece, kunye nesithuba sendawo yokudibanisa, inokuchaphazela ukubunjwa kwe-weld kunye nobukhulu be-weld.
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1. Impembelelo ye-welding yangoku ekubunjweni kwe-welding seam
Ngaphantsi kwezinye iimeko ezithile, njengoko i-arc welding yangoku isanda, ubunzulu bokungena kunye nokuphakama okushiyekileyo kokunyuka kwe-weld, kunye nobubanzi bokungena kwandisa kancane. Izizathu zezi zilandelayo:
Njengoko i-arc welding yangoku isanda, amandla e-arc asebenza kwi-weldment ayanda, igalelo lobushushu le-arc kwi-weldment liyenyuka, kwaye indawo yomthombo wobushushu ihla ihla, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ubushushu buqhubele phambili kubunzulu bedama elinyibilikisiweyo kunye nokwanda. ubunzulu bokungena. Ubunzulu bokungena bumalunga nomlinganiselo we-welding current, oko kukuthi, ubunzulu bokungena kwe-weld H buphantse bulingane ne-Km×I.
I-2) Isantya sokunyibilika kwe-arc welding core okanye i-welding wire ilingana ne-welding current. Njengoko i-welding yangoku ye-welding ye-arc isanda, isantya sokunyibilika socingo lwe-welding sanda, kwaye inani le-welding wire enyibilikayo linyuka ngokulinganayo, ngelixa ububanzi bokunyibilika bukhula buncinci, ngoko ukuqiniswa kwe-weld kuyanda.
3) Emva kokunyuka kwangoku kwe-welding, ububanzi bekholomu ye-arc buyanda, kodwa ubunzulu be-arc obungena kwi-workpiece buyanda, kwaye uluhlu oluhambayo lwendawo ye-arc lulinganiselwe, ngoko ke ukwanda kobubanzi obunyibilikayo kuncinci.
Ngexesha le-arc ekhuselekileyo yegesi, ukunyuka kwangoku kwe-welding kuyenyuka kwaye ubunzulu bokungena kwe-weld buyanda. Ukuba i-welding current inkulu kakhulu kwaye ukuxinana kwangoku kuphezulu kakhulu, ukungena okufana neminwe kunokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke, ngakumbi xa udibanisa i-aluminium.
2. Impembelelo ye-arc voltage kwi-welding seam formation
Xa ezinye iimeko ziqinisekile, ukwandisa i-arc voltage kuya kwandisa amandla e-arc ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye igalelo lobushushu kwi-weldment liya kwanda. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka kwe-arc voltage kufezekiswa ngokunyusa ubude be-arc. Ukunyuka kobude be-arc kwandisa iradiyasi yomthombo wobushushu be-arc, kwandisa ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu be-arc, kwaye kunciphisa ubuninzi bamandla be-weldment yegalelo. Ngoko ke, ubunzulu bokungena buyehla kancinci ngelixa ubunzulu bokungena bunyuka. Ngelo xesha, ekubeni i-welding yangoku ihleli ingatshintshi, inani lokunyibilika kocingo lwe-welding lihlala lingatshintshi, libangela ukuqiniswa kwe-weld kuyancipha.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-arc welding zisetyenziselwa ukufumana ukubunjwa kwe-welding ye-welding efanelekileyo, oko kukuthi, ukugcina i-welding seam efanelekileyo yokwenza i-coefficient φ, kunye nokunyusa i-arc voltage ngokufanelekileyo ngelixa unyusa i-welding current. Kuyafuneka ukuba i-arc voltage kunye ne-welding current ibe nobudlelwane obufanelekileyo bokuhambelana. . Oku kuxhaphake kakhulu kwi-metal arc welding.
3. Impembelelo yesantya se-welding ekubunjweni kwe-weld
Phantsi kwezinye iimeko, ukwandisa isantya welding kuya kukhokelela ekuncipheni igalelo ubushushu welding, ngaloo ndlela ukunciphisa zombini ububanzi weld kunye nobunzulu bokungena. Ekubeni ubungakanani bentsimbi yokubeka intsimbi ngobude beyunithi ye-weld ihambelana ngokungafaniyo nesantya se-welding, ukuqiniswa kwe-weld kuyancipha.
Isantya se-Welding sisalathisi esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya imveliso ye-welding. Ukuze kuphuculwe imveliso ye-welding, isantya se-welding kufuneka sandiswe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubungakanani obufunekayo be-weld kuyilo lwesakhiwo, i-welding current kunye ne-arc voltage kufuneka yandiswe ngokuhambelanayo ngelixa inyusa isantya se-welding. Ezi zixa zintathu zinxulumene. Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukuba xa unyusa i-welding yangoku, i-arc voltage, kunye nesantya se-welding (oko kukuthi, ukusebenzisa i-arc ye-welding ephezulu kunye nesantya esiphezulu se-welding welding), iziphene zokuwelda zinokuthi zenzeke ngexesha lokubunjwa kwe-welding etyhidiweyo. ichibi kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisa ichibi elityhidiweyo, njengokuluma. Imiphetho, iintanda, njl., ngoko kukho umda wokunyusa isantya se-welding.
4. Impembelelo ye-welding uhlobo lwangoku kunye ne-polarity kunye nobukhulu be-electrode kwi-weld formation
1. Uhlobo kunye ne-polarity ye-welding current
Iindidi ze-welding zangoku zahlulwe kwi-DC kunye ne-AC. Phakathi kwabo, i-DC arc welding ihlulwe ibe yi-DC eqhubekayo kunye ne-pulsed DC ngokobukho okanye ukungabikho kwee-pulses zangoku; ngokwe polarity, yahlulwe kwi DC udibaniso phambili (weldment iqhagamshelene elungileyo) kunye DC uxhulumaniso reverse (weldment idityaniswe negative). I-arc welding ye-AC yahlulwe yaba yi-sine wave AC kunye ne-square wave AC ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zamaza zangoku. Uhlobo kunye ne-polarity ye-welding current ichaphazela ubungakanani begalelo lokushisa nge-arc kwi-weldment, ngaloo ndlela ichaphazela ukubunjwa kwe-weld. Inokuchaphazela inkqubo yokudlulisa i-droplet kunye nokususwa kwefilimu ye-oxide ebusweni besiseko sesinyithi.
Xa i-tungsten arc welding isetyenziselwa ukuwelda intsimbi, i-titanium kunye nezinye izinto zetsimbi, ubunzulu bokungena kwe-weld eyenziwe ngowona mkhulu xa umbane othe ngqo uqhagamshelwe, ukungena kuncinci xa umsinga othe ngqo ubuyela umva, kwaye i-AC iphakathi Mbini. Ekubeni ukungena kwe-weld yeyona nto inkulu ngexesha loxhumo oluthe ngqo lwangoku kwaye ilahleko yokutshisa i-electrode ye-tungsten yeyona nto incinci, uxhulumaniso oluthe ngqo lwangoku lufanele lusetyenziswe xa ukudibanisa intsimbi, i-titanium kunye nezinye izinto zetsimbi kunye ne-tungsten electrode argon arc welding. Xa i-tungsten argon arc welding isebenzisa i-pulsed DC welding, i-pulse parameters inokulungelelaniswa, ngoko ke ubungakanani bokwenza umthungo we-welding bunokulawulwa njengoko kufuneka. Xa udibanisa i-aluminium, i-magnesium kunye ne-alloys zabo nge-tungsten arc welding, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa i-cathodic yokucoca i-arc ukucoca ifilimu ye-oxide ebusweni bezinto ezisisiseko. Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-AC. Kuba iiparamitha ze-waveform ye-square wave ye-AC iyahlengahlengiswa, umphumo we-welding ungcono. .
Ngexesha lentsimbi ye-arc welding, ubunzulu bokungena kwe-weld kunye nobubanzi kwi-DC uxhulumaniso lwe-reverse bukhulu kunezo zixhunywe ngokuthe ngqo ngoku, kunye nobunzulu bokungena kunye nobubanzi kwi-welding ye-AC phakathi kwezi zimbini. Ke ngoko, ngexesha le-arc ye-arc efakwe emanzini, udibaniso lwe-DC reverse lusetyenziselwa ukufumana ukungena okukhulu; ngelixa ngexesha lokuntywila kwe-arc kwi-welding, udibaniso lwangaphambili lwe-DC lusetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukungena. Ngexesha le-arc ekhuselekileyo yegesi, ubunzulu bokungena abukho kuphela bukhulu ngexesha loqhagamshelo lwe-DC reverse, kodwa kunye ne-welding arc kunye ne-droplet transfer process zizinzile ngakumbi kunezo ngexesha loqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lwangoku kunye ne-AC, kwaye ikwanayo nefuthe lokucoca i-cathode, ngoko ke. isetyenziswa kakhulu, ngelixa udibaniso lwangaphambili lweDC kunye noNxibelelwano lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
2. Impembelelo ye-tungsten tip tip shape, i-wire diameter kunye nobude bokwandiswa
I-angle kunye nemilo ye-tungsten electrode front end inefuthe elikhulu kwi-concentration ye-arc kunye noxinzelelo lwe-arc, kwaye kufuneka ikhethwe ngokobukhulu be-welding current kunye nobukhulu be-weldment. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-arc igxininiswe ngakumbi kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-arc, ubukhulu bokungena kwe-arc kunye nokunciphisa okuhambelanayo kububanzi bokungena.
Ngexesha lokutshisa i-arc yensimbi yegesi, xa i-welding yangoku ihlala, i-welding wire incinci, i-arc igxininiswe ngakumbi, ukufudumeza kwe-arc kuya kuba, ubunzulu bokungena buya kwanda, kwaye ububanzi bokungena buya kuncipha. Nangona kunjalo, xa ukhetha i-diameter ye-welding welding kwiiprojekthi zokuwelda, ubukhulu bangoku kunye nokumila kwedama elinyibilikileyo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukuphepha ukubunjwa kakubi kwe-weld.
Xa ubude bokwandiswa kocingo lwe-welding kwi-welding ye-arc yentsimbi yegesi inyuka, ubushushu bokumelana obuveliswa yi-welding yangoku ngokusebenzisa inxalenye eyandisiweyo ye-welding wire inyuka, eyandisa isantya sokunyibilika kocingo lwe-welding, ngoko ukuqiniswa kwe-weld kuyanda kwaye ubunzulu bokungena buyancipha. Ekubeni i-resistivity ye-welding welding wire inkulu kakhulu, impembelelo yobude bokwandiswa kocingo lwe-welding kwi-welding seam formation ibonakala ngakumbi kwintsimbi kunye ne-fine wire welding. I-resistivity ye-aluminium welding wire incinci kwaye impembelelo yayo ayibalulekanga. Nangona ukwandisa ubude bokwandiswa kocingo lwe-welding kunokuphucula i-coefficient yokunyibilika kwe-welding wire, ngokuqwalasela ukuzinza kokunyibilika kocingo lwe-welding kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-weld seam, kukho uluhlu oluvumelekileyo lokuhluka kubude bokwandiswa kwe-welding. ucingo welding.
5. Impembelelo yeminye imiba yenkqubo kwi-welding seam forming factor
Ukongeza kule miba yenkqubo ekhankanywe ngasentla, ezinye izinto zenkqubo ye-welding, ezifana nobungakanani begroove kunye nobukhulu be-gap, i-angle yokuthambekela kwe-electrode kunye ne-workpiece, kunye nesithuba sendawo yokudibanisa, inokuchaphazela ukubunjwa kwe-weld kunye nobukhulu be-weld.
1. Iigrooves kunye nezikhewu
Xa i-arc welding isetyenziselwa ukuwelda i-butt joints, nokuba kugcinwe i-gap, ubukhulu be-gap, kunye nefom ye-groove idla ngokumiselwa ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bepleyiti edibeneyo. Xa ezinye iimeko zihlala, ubukhulu obukhulu be-groove okanye i-gap, encinci ukuqiniswa kwe-welded seam, elingana nokunciphisa indawo ye-weld seam, kwaye ngeli xesha umlinganiselo we-fusion uyancipha. Ngoko ke, ukushiya izikhewu okanye i-grooves yokuvula ingasetyenziselwa ukulawula ubungakanani bokuqiniswa kunye nokulungelelanisa umlinganiselo wokudibanisa. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-beveling ngaphandle kokushiya i-gap, iimeko zokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu kwezi zimbini zihluke. Ngokubanzi, iimeko zecrystallization ze-beveling zithandeka ngakumbi.
2. Electrode (welding wire) inclination angle
Ngexesha le-arc welding, ngokobudlelwane phakathi kwe-electrode tilt direction kunye ne-welding direction, yahlulahlulwe yaba ziindidi ezimbini: i-electrode ibheke phambili kunye ne-electrode backward tilt. Xa ucingo lwe-welding luthambeka, i-arc axis iphinda ithambe ngokufanelekileyo. Xa ucingo lwe-welding luthambekela phambili, umphumo we-arc force ekukhutshweni ngasemva kwesinyithi esityhidiweyo sesinyithi siyancipha, umaleko wentsimbi engamanzi emazantsi echibi elinyibilikisiweyo uba ngqindilili, ubunzulu bokungena buyancipha, ubunzulu be-arc bungena. kwi-weldment iyancipha, uluhlu lwentshukumo ye-arc luyanda, kwaye ububanzi obuncibilikayo buyanda, kunye nokubambisana kuncipha. Incinci i-angle yangaphambili α yocingo lwe-welding, okukhona kubonakala ngakumbi le mpembelelo. Xa ucingo lwe-welding lubuyela ngasemva, imeko ichasene. Xa usebenzisa i-electrode arc welding, i-electrode back-tilt method isoloko isetyenziswa, kwaye i-angle inclination α iphakathi kwe-65 ° kunye ne-80 °.
3. I-angle yokuthotyelwa kwe-weldment
I-tilt ye-weldment ihlala idibana kwimveliso yokwenene kwaye inokwahlulwa ibe yi-upslope welding kunye ne-downslope welding. Ngeli xesha, isinyithi sedama esinyibilikisiweyo sithande ukuqukuqela sijonge ezantsi ecaleni kwethambeka phantsi kwentshukumo yomxhuzulane. Ngexesha lokuwelda, umxhuzulane unceda iqula elinyibilikayo lesinyithi lisingise ngasemva kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo, ngoko ubunzulu bokungena bukhulu, ububanzi obutyhidiweyo bumxinwa, kwaye umphakamo oseleyo ube mkhulu. Xa i-angle ye-upslope α iyi-6 ° ukuya kwi-12 °, ukuqiniswa kukhulu kakhulu kwaye ii-undercuts zivame ukwenzeka kumacala omabini. Ngexesha le-downslope welding, esi siphumo sithintela isinyithi esikwidama elinyibilikisiweyo ukuba singakhutshelwa ngasemva kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo. I-arc ayinakufudumeza ngokunzulu isinyithi ezantsi kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo. Ubunzulu bokungena buyancipha, uluhlu lwentshukumo yendawo ye-arc luyakhula, ububanzi obutyhidiweyo buyanda, kwaye ubude obushiyekileyo buyancipha. Ukuba i-angle yokuthambekela kwe-weldment inkulu kakhulu, iya kukhokelela ekungeneni okunganeleyo kunye nokuphuphuma kwesinyithi solwelo kwi-pool etyhidiweyo.
4. Izinto ze-Weldment kunye nobukhulu
Ukungena kwe-weld kuhambelana ne-welding current, kunye ne-thermal conductivity kunye nomthamo wokushisa we-volumetric wezinto eziphathekayo. Okukhona i-thermal conductivity ye-thermal yezinto kunye nomthamo omkhulu wobushushu bomthamo, ubushushu bufuneka ngakumbi ukunyibilikisa umthamo weyunithi yesinyithi kunye nokunyusa ubushushu obufanayo. Ngoko ke, phantsi kweemeko ezithile ezifana ne-welding current kunye nezinye iimeko, ubunzulu bokungena kunye nobubanzi buya kuba kuncipha nje. Okukhona uxinano olukhulu lwemathiriyeli okanye i-viscosity yolwelo, kokukhona kunzima kwi-arc ukususa ulwelo olutyhidiweyo lwesinyithi sechibi, kwaye ubunzulu bunzulu bokungena. Ubunzima be-weldment buchaphazela ukuqhutyelwa kobushushu ngaphakathi kwe-weldment. Xa ezinye iimeko zifana, ubukhulu be-weldment buyanda, ukunyuka kobushushu kwandisa, kwaye ububanzi bokungena kunye nokunciphisa ukungena kuncipha.
5. I-Flux, i-electrode coating kunye negesi yokukhusela
Ukuqanjwa okuhlukeneyo kwe-flux okanye i-electrode coating ikhokelela kwi-polar voltage drops ezahlukeneyo kunye nekholamu ye-arc i-gradients enokuthi ibe khona ye-arc, eya kuchaphazela ngokuqinisekileyo ukubunjwa kwe-weld. Xa ubuninzi be-flux buncinci, ubungakanani bamasuntswana bukhulu, okanye ukuphakama kwe-stacking kuncinci, uxinzelelo olujikeleze i-arc luphantsi, ikholamu ye-arc iyanda, kwaye indawo ye-arc ihamba kuluhlu olukhulu, ngoko ke ubunzulu bokungena buncinci. ububanzi obunyibilikayo bukhulu, kwaye ukuphakama okushiyekileyo kuncinci. Xa udibanisa iindawo ezishinyeneyo ezine-arc yamandla aphezulu, ukusebenzisa i-pumice-efana ne-flux inokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-arc, ukunciphisa ubunzulu bokungena, kunye nokwandisa ububanzi bokungena. Ukongeza, i-welding slag kufuneka ibe ne-viscosity efanelekileyo kunye nobushushu obunyibilikayo. Ukuba i-viscosity iphezulu kakhulu okanye iqondo lokushisa elinyibilikayo liphezulu, i-slag iya kuba nokungahambi kakuhle komoya, kwaye kulula ukwenza imingxuma emininzi yoxinzelelo kumphezulu we-weld, kwaye ukuguqulwa komphezulu we-weld kuya kuba nzima.
Ukubunjwa kwegesi yokukhusela (njenge-Ar, He, N2, CO2) esetyenziswe kwi-arc welding iyahluka, kwaye iimpawu zayo ezibonakalayo ezifana ne-thermal conductivity ziyahluka, ezichaphazela ukuhla koxinzelelo lwe-polar ye-arc, i-gradient enokwenzeka ye-arc. ikholomu ye-arc, icandelo lomnqamlezo oqhubayo wekholamu ye-arc, kunye ne-plasma flow force. , ukuhanjiswa kobushushu obuthile, njl., zonke ezichaphazela ukubunjwa kwe-weld.
Ngamafutshane, kukho izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela ukubunjwa kwe-weld. Ukufumana ukubunjwa okuhle kwe-weld, kufuneka ukhethe ngokusekelwe kwizinto eziphathekayo kunye nobukhulu be-weld, indawo yendawo ye-weld, ifom edibeneyo, iimeko zokusebenza, iimfuno zentsebenzo edibeneyo kunye nobukhulu be-weld, njl. Iimeko ze-welding zisetyenziselwa i-welding, kwaye eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu sisimo sengqondo somtshisi malunga ne-welding! Ngaphandle koko, ukubunjwa komthungo we-welding kunye nokusebenza akunakuhlangabezana neemfuno, kwaye iziphene ezahlukeneyo ze-welding zinokuthi zenzeke.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-27-2024
